One typical sign of TMJ illness is joint and muscle pain related to temporomandibular joint disorders. Vertigo, ringing in the ears, hearing loss, jaw stiffness, limited mobility, or locking of the jaw joint are some of the symptoms that might appear at the same time. The jaw joint may also hurt while opening or closing the mouth. Scientists study their mechanisms and genetic makeup.

Together, these illnesses are referred to as "temporomandibular disorders" (TMDs), because they affect the jaw joint and muscles, causing pain and dysfunction. [1] said that "TMJ" only refers to the temporomandibular joint, whereas "TMDs" refers to the illnesses. There is one TMJ on each side of the jaw. Put your fingers in front of your ears and open your lips to listento them [2].

Although injuriesto the jaw or temporomandibular joint are possiblecauses of TMDs, theprecise etiology of TMDs is frequently unknown. Many people report being unable to pinpoint the exact cause of their symptoms. Recent research suggests that a person's pain threshold, genetics, and psychological and life stressors may all influence the occurrence and prognosis of TMD [3]. Researchers are attempting to ascertain if the differences in the anatomyand mechanics of the TMJ between the sexes contribute to the higher prevalence of TMDs in women than in men. The idea that TMDs are brought on by orthodontic braces or a misaligned bite is not supported by research. [4].

Figure1: Temporomandibular disorder overview

These indicate the situation. Remember that popping or clicking sounds in the TMJs that are not painful are normal, natural,and don't need to be treated. However,these symptoms could point to a TMD: soreness in the jaw and chewing muscles (the most common symptom), swelling that ascends the body, jaw discomfort, jaw lock, limited movement of the jaw, discomfort in the jaw joint caused by popping, clicking, or grinding when chewing hearing loss, ringing in the ears, vertigo, and A change in the way the two sets ofteeth are related [5].

Diagnosis

The patient looks for jaw pain, jaw cracking or clicking, or difficulty moving their head, neck, or jaw. Imaging examinations such as CT scans, x-rays, or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may also be recommended by dental and medical specialists. It is questionable if TMDs are the cause of discomfort in the mouth, jaw, or face. Before diagnosing TMD, a physician or dentist might need to rule out other potential reasons [6].

Treatment

The following are things to be aware of before beginning TMD therapy:

• If you hear normal, common, and painless noises coming from your temporomandibular joints, you don't need to go to the doctor. Many TMD patients report considerable relief in their symptoms even in the absence of treatment.
• Since there is little evidenceto support the majority of TMD therapies, specialists advise avoiding operations or other treatments that permanently change the bite, jaw joints, or teeth [7]. Nonsurgical Treatments Many of the joint and muscle problemsof the jaw are transientand do not get worse over time, so a simple therapy plan could be enough. as soon as you notice any jaw or impacted muscle ache.

Stick to soft foods

Exercises for strengthening and extending the jaw muscles may be beneficial in addition to applying heat or ice to the face.

• Take nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), which are availableover-the-counter and includeibuprofen [8]. At this point, your dentist or physician may diagnose a particular type of TMD, or if those treatments don't work, they may recommend one or more of the following.

Physical Therapy

The purpose of physical therapy is to assist patients in regaining, maintaining, or improving their function and mobility. There are various types of physical therapy. One way to do this is by manual therapy, in which a therapist stretchesthe muscles and connective tissues surrounding a joint by hand. There is ample evidence on the impact of manual therapy on pain and function.[9]. Research has shown that specificbehavioral health techniques, frequently offered by psychologists, can help with TMD treatment. Cognitive behavioral therapy and biofeedback are a couple of these. Cognitive behavioral therapy seeks to help patients identify and change harmful thought patterns in addition to teaching coping skills. Biofeedback uses sensors that measure body temperature, heart rate, breathing rate, and muscle contractions. Your jaw's sensor may be able to tell when you clench your muscles. With a therapist's assistance, you can identifythe bad behavior and learn how to relax [10].

Medications 

Your dentist or doctor may recommendmedicine to treat your symptoms.These include:

• Prescription drugs, such as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs),which are usedas pain relievers.
• Prescription medications, such as:o Anxiety medications. 
• medications for the treatment of depression. medication intended to stop seizures.
• chemicals that are classified as opiates [11].

Intraoral Appliances

appliances that fit over teeth are known as intraoral ones. They do not affect the bite or teeth in any way. Other names for these devices include night guards, bruxism splints, stabilization appliances, splints, and inter occlusal splints. Few studies have demonstrated that they reduce TMD-related   pain.  If  a  dentist  or  other  health  care  provider   suggests   using  them:

• It's not meant to permanently change the way you bite. Stop using it and see your doctor or dentist if it hurts.

Complementary Treatments

Treatments that are used in conjunction with traditional medicine but do not form part of it are known as complementary therapies. Two complementary therapies that have been researched for TMDs include acupuncture and transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) [12]. The phrase "acupuncture" refers to a technique whereby skilled practitioners apply pressure to specific anatomical locations, often by using tiny needles that are put beneath the skin. There is little proof that ithelps with TMDs.

TENS is an electrode-based, battery-powered skin application device. The electrical impulses produced by the apparatus have the potential to alter how pain is perceived. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) has shown promise in reducing pain associated with TMJs and enhancing the ability to open the jaw, despite the limited data from trials employing short TENS treatments [13].

Surgery and Other Medical & Dental Procedures

The treatments listed here are more extensive and intrusive than others; they entail changing your bite and teeth alignmentor introducing devices into your temporomandibular joints or jaw muscles. Certain techniques, like the occlusal therapies that are covered below, are ineffective and could even make your issue worse. Prior to having any of these operations done, you ought to: • Look into and test out less invasive choices. • Request a thorough and easily understood description of the treatment from your dentist or doctor. • Find out how the treatment will benefit the specific TMD you have. • Find out what dangers are present. • Consult with knowledgeable dentistsor medical professionals.

Occlusal Treatments

The fit of a person's teeth is known as their occlusion. Research has refuted the long-held theory that misaligned teeth, or malocclusion, is the primary cause of TMDs. The jaw and dental alignmentare altered by orthodontic therapy(Balaji and Senkumar). Here are few instances:

• Applying dental crowns to seal teeth.
• Bruxism, or teeth grinding.
• Repositioning one or more   teeth  by   use   of  orthodontic   therapy   or   procedures These occlusal interventions have little evidenceof benefit and may worsenthe condition.

A Botulinum toxin It functions by relaxing muscles using a particular kind of botulinum toxin. It is FDA-approved for various conditions (including migraines), but TMDs are not one of its approved uses. In an effort to lessen excruciating chewing muscle spasms, researchers have [14].

Prolo therapy

As part of Prolo therapy, an irritating solution is injected into the TMJ area to promote the body's healing reaction and restore joint function. Prolo therapy has demonstrated promising outcomes in the treatment of TMDs, especially when the joint is dislocated or hypermobilized—that is, moves beyond its normal range of motion. There haven't been many studies conducted on this type of TMD treatment [15].

Arthrocentesis

During this operation, fluids are injectedinto the TMJ using a needle. The fluid pressureremoves adhesions, or scar tissue. Once the liquid is emptied out, the joint is also free of chemicals that cause inflammation. For individuals with a misplaced temporomandibular disc, arthrocentesis may reduce pain and improve mouth opening, but these advantages soon wear off [16].

Arthroscopy

The doctor puts a gadget with a tiny video camera into the jaw joint during an arthroscopy. When the physician can view the joint, diagnosis is made easy. He or she could also realign the joint disc or eliminate adhesions. With this approach, functional ability and pain thresholds are only slightlyraised.[17].

Surgery

During open surgery, an incision made near to the ear may provideaccess to the temporomandibular joint. Remember that following surgery, there will be permanent changes to your joint. There haven't been any long-term studies looking at the safety or effectiveness of open surgeryfor TMD symptom relief.

Getting an is something you should only consider if:

The joint   has   irreversible   damage  that  cannot  be  fixed  by  conventional   procedures.

• The severe symptoms (pain and/or difficulties opening the mouth) are not significantly improved by other therapies.

Replacement of the TMJ

Implants are prosthetic devices that are used to restore mobilityin the tyre joint or jaw. The FDA has authorized three TMJ implantsthus far. When should implantsbe taken into account?

The joint has been injured.

People who had dental implants, which were formerlycommon but are now unavailable, experienced severe issues, including permanent damage to their jaw joint(s). As a result, in order to assess the effectiveness and safety of TMJ implants, experts have advocated for long-term follow-up studies.Before having any operation, especially one involving implants,patients should carefully weigh the risks involved and speak with many doctors. It is best to visit TMD- focusedsurgeons whenever feasible.

Figure 2: Summary of Treatments for Temporomandibular Disorders (TMDs)

Remember that starting with simple solutions is the best course of action for treating TMD symptoms, which typically go away withouttreatment. Speak with a dentistor physician.

• Learn        everything        you       can        about       your        traumatic        brain        injury.
• If at all possible, avoid treatments that involve accessingor permanently altering the jaw joints,such as TMJ implants or surgery.
• Before having surgeryor any other dental or medical procedurethat permanently changesyour look, see an orofacial pain clinic if at all feasible.

Conflict of interest: The authors have no conflict-of-Interest Contribution Statement: All authors contribute Equally Funding: No funding for this research.